Is homeopathy cost-effective?

Some people take the position that public money should not be spent on homeopathy because “there is no proof that it works” or “tax-payers money shouldn’t be spent on placebos”.

How much does homeopathy cost?

• In 2016, just £92,412 was spent on 40,000 homeopathy prescriptions from a total expenditure of £9.2 billion.¹
• Out of the total NHS budget of £100 billion a year, roughly £4 million (0.004%) is spent annually on Homeopathy² if you include everything from running the hospitals departments to paying the doctors.

When considering value for money, it should be remembered that if homeopathy patients were not treated with this service, they would have to be treated by other departments using more expensive conventional drugs.

Evidence-informed decision-making

Some people argue that the NHS should not pay for homeopathy because it has not been ‘scientifically proven’ to work , whereas conventional medical drugs are ‘tried and tested’. Surprisingly this issue isn’t actually as clear-cut as one might think.

Analysis by the British Medical Journal’s (BMJ) Clinical Evidence³ shows that just 11% of 3,000 commonly used NHS treatments are known to be beneficial:

This data clearly indicates that the NHS pays for many treatments besides homeopathy for which the evidence is still unclear.

What evidence is there that homeopathy helps NHS patients?

Five published observational studies carried out from 1999 to the present day have tracked the outcome of patients being treated at NHS homeopathic hospitals. These studies consistently show that patients improve clinically following homeopathic treatment (often from chronic, difficult to treat conditions); some also highlight areas of potential economic benefit in terms of reduced prescribing of conventional drugs. For example:

The largest study at Bristol Homeopathic Hospital followed over 6,500 consecutive patients with over 23,000 attendances in a six-year period.⁴
70% of follow-up patients reported improved health; 50% reported major improvement. 

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A 500-patient survey at the Royal London Homeopathic Hospital showed that many patients were able to reduce or stop conventional medication following homeopathic treatment.⁵

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When assessing these clinical results it is important to remember that NHS patients are usually referred for homeopathy because conventional medicine has failed to give satisfactory results, or conventional treatment is contra-indicated in their case. One has to ask, if these homeopathy services were not available, who could treat these people instead? How ethical is it to remove a service that is currently valued by patients, without being able to offer them a viable alternative treatment?

Interesting related research from France

Homeopathy is widely used in France and a major study following 8559 patients attending GP practices was used to assess the effectiveness of homeopathic treatment.⁶ The authors of this study include Lucien Abenhaim – former French General Director of Health (Surgeon General) – and individuals from respected academic institutions such as the Institut Pasteur in Paris, University of Bordeaux and McGill University, Montreal.

Key findings of the EPI3 project:

• Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) – patients treated by GPs trained in homeopathy did as well clinically as those treated with conventional medicine, but used fewer conventional drugs.⁷
  

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  Of 518 adults and children with URTIs those who consulted GPs certified in homeopathy (N=150) had similar clinical results to those treated by conventional GPs (N=165), but had significantly lower consumption of antibiotics (OR=0.43, CI: 0.27–0.68) and antipyretic/anti-inflammatory drugs (OR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.38–0.76).
• Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) – patients treated with homeopathy did as well clinically as those treated with conventional medicine, but used only half the amount of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and had fewer NSAID-related side effects.⁸
  

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  1153 eligible patients with MSD were followed for 12 months, comparing groups who received homeopathy (N=371) or conventional medicine (CM; N=272), or a mixed approach involving both approaches (N=510). The twelve-month development of specific functional scores was identical for all groups (p > 0.05). After adjusting for propensity scores, NSAID use over 12 months was almost half in the homeopathy group (OR, 0.54; 95%CI, 0.38-0.78) as compared to the CM group; no statistically significant difference was found in the mixed group (OR, 0.81; 95% CI: 0.59-1.15). MSD patients seen by homeopathic physicians showed a similar clinical progression when less exposed to NSAID in comparison to patients seen in CM practice, with fewer NSAID-related adverse events and no loss of therapeutic opportunity.
• Sleep, anxiety and depressive disorders (SADD) – Patients treated by certified homeopathic physicians were less likely to be prescribed psychotropic drugs.⁹
  

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  The EPI3 ‘SADD’ study involved 1572 patients diagnosed with sleep, anxiety and depressive disorders seeking treatment from physicians in general practice (GPs), with three different practice preferences: strictly conventional medicine (GP-CM), mixed complementary and conventional medicine (GP-Mx) and certified homeopathic physicians (GP-Ho). Psychotropic drugs were more likely to be prescribed by GP-CM (64%) than GP-Mx (55.4%) and GP-Ho (31.2%). The three groups of patients shared similar SADD severity in terms of comorbidities and quality of life.

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